The Racism Of African Americans - 771 Words

From the beginning African Americans started off as kings and queens of Africa. They ruled their own people. Stories have been told how the rulers were tricked by English men or most commonly known as the â€Å"white man.† This has been configured and no one really knows the true story because we didn’t exist then. African Americans were deprived from their mainland. Blacks were then transported to the New America. In 1619, the first blacks were enslaved in Virginia. They were used to do many jobs by owners because Caucasians couldn’t handle being in the sun for long periods of time but blacks were called the lazy ones. African Americans as a group were discriminated, enslaved, and had no power. There is two types of racism which is overt and subtle. Overt racism is more blatant and may take the form of public statements about the inferiority of members of a racial or ethnic group. For example, a racist chanting during a public event. Subtle racism, for example, suggesting an African Americans athletes have natural abilities for a certain sports. African Americans get both types of this racism. It goes from signs, flags, entertainment, etc. In entertainment we are nationally talked about comedies, television shows, reality, etc. Blacks are portrayed as loud and it shows just a couple individuals and we are discriminated by their actions. The things people see on television by a particular race, people assume the entire race does that or contribute to their actions. Media is aShow MoreRelatedRacism On African Americans : Racism Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesRacism On African Americans The history of America has been shaped powerfully over the years by racial inequality and race. Most Americans believe that the freedom fighters in establishing of their country were motivated by their thirst for religious liberty, freedom, economic and political independence. However, it was established in terms of oppression, inequality, and domination, leading to the slaves’ denial of freedom. Therefore, this makes it to be the greatest inconsistency in the country’sRead MoreThe Racism Of African Americans959 Words   |  4 Pagesembedment of racism into American society has created severe disadvantages for African Americans. In addition to the negative effects of individual racism, systemic racism s crushing discrimination has devastated the African Americans in this country. Due to the horrors of systemic racism many African Americans find themselves at economic and social disadvantages. The education opportunities they encounter are far more limited than the ones White Americans do. As a result, African Americans often achieveRead MoreRacism : Racism And African Americans1868 Words   |  8 PagesRacism has been a problem in the United States of America for a long time, dating back to early America when the Native Americans were often attacked, harassed, and killed. Another early problem of racism is the African slave trade. Enslaving and trading the African people amongst white people also helped contribute to the environment of a racist culture in America by demoralizing the African races and teaching white Americans that they are better than the African races. Although the civil rightsRead MoreThe Racism Of African Americans858 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican Americans have suffered from racism in so many horrific ways! They have been used in ways unexplainable to the mind. Whether it was through sexual abuse or dating all the way back to slavery times. However, in today’s society African Americans are still being affected by racis m not only in a physical, emotional, and mental manner but, also in their way of living. How would you feel if you were judged by the color of your skin to the point where you can’t even make a living? Racism is aliveRead MoreRacism Against African Americans : Racism1575 Words   |  7 Pages3 4 February 2016 Racism against African Americans â€Å"I believe in human beings, and that all human beings should be respected as such, regardless of their color.†-Malcom X. Is racism against the African American descent still a big issue in America? Racism against African Americans has been going on for quite some time and yes, it’s still a continuous problem. People believe it has settled down over time, but it’s still a major issue that we as Americans are trying to overcome.ThereRead MoreRacism And African American Women Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, racism is viewed as a controversial and hot topic. In both institutions and in everyday situations, this concept can be found and is often used to justify an action, thought, or a perception. In his article, Dr. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva offers several definitions of racism; he quotes Dr. Richard Schaeffer’s succinct definition, which states racism as â€Å"‘...a doctrine of racial supremacy, that one race is superiorâ₠¬â„¢ (1997:465). Racism affects the African-American community very stronglyRead MoreRacism And Its Effects On African Americans1490 Words   |  6 PagesRacism one of the more wacky position held by a major portion of the human race. Can you think a world in which a golden retriever hated black Labs? That is exactly how measly people look when they feel panic and differentiate against other people for the tint of their leather. unluckily, in spite of dialectics and reason, color bar remains ancient of origin and continual in to our present days. The word slavery has been connected with the African people since the Laying vessel of the EuropeanRead MoreThe Racism Of African Americans2803 Words   |  12 Pages African Americans have been the subject of racialized and digressive talk that has socially constructed them as criminals and disturbed individuals, which challenges their humankind and their entitlement to an honest to goodness social and racial personality. Such racialized talk has it’s establishes in suppression, was duplicated among the Jim Crow period, and is kept up today through systemic prejudice to keep them from having a solid character, one that the world can acknowledge and respect.Read MoreRacism And Its Effects On African Americans1953 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Racism the belief to distinguish a race with beliefs that they are superior to another†. As racism remains a major setback in America, it is in no Comparison to how it was like back in the days. From the pain it caused and the poor innocent people being tarnished on just cause of the color on their skin, this was a horrific phase to those who lived upon it. We have accomplished enormously but then again we still have much to improve. With the most discreet subtle form, modern racism is slowlyRead MoreRacism And Discrimination On African Americans1210 Words   |  5 PagesExtremely similar to her use of characters, Morrison also expresses the impact of racism and discrimination on African Americans through her frequent use of symbolism.2 In The Bluest Eye, an extremely important symbol is blue eyes (Crayton 73). Blue eyes are used to symbolize racially based beauty standards and the power associated with whiteness (â€Å"Bluest† LitCharts). In the novel, society believes that if a person does not have white skin, he or she is not beautiful. Pecola Breedlove falls victim

Negative Effects Of Bullying Essay - 928 Words

What are the effects of bullying on international students- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomes of bullying along with the international review and strategies for bullying. The various ways of coping with bullying are also explained in the literature review. Definitions of bullying According to Policy, Bullying is unwanted,†¦show more content†¦This imbalance of power in the bully/victim relationship is important because it distinguishes bullying from other acts of violence or aggression. The power imbalance is used to exclude violence that is not deemed bullying. For example, when a sixth-grade boy is kicked on the bus every day by a smaller, emotionally impaired second grader, it is not considered bullying under Olweus’ definition, even though the harm is deliberating and repeated; the power imbalance does not exist. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace and School Bullying among school children is a very old phenomenon. The fact that some children are frequently and systematically harassed and attacked by other children and many adults have personal experience of it as they are facing it from their school days. Though many are acquainted with the bully/victim problem, it was not until recently, in the early 1970s, that efforts were made to study it systematically (Olweus,1978). In the 1980s and early 1990s, the problem of bullying among school children has received some public attention in Japan, England, Australia, the United States, and other countries. There are now clear indications of an increasing societal as well as research interest into bully/victim problems in several parts of the world (Olweus,1994).Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Bullying In the 2014-2015 school years, 292,400 students reported being bullied out of a total of 763,000 students (Student Reports of Bullying: results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, National Center for Education statistics(NCES)). Bullying does not affect only children in school, but can also happen to adults. Bullying has an immense effect on people of all ages. Whether it is an adolescent at school, or an adult in their workplaceRead MoreEssay on Bullying and Its Negative Effects2940 Words   |  12 Pagesare abused by their parents, peers or even by complete strangers. One of these types of abuse is bullying. At a first glance, we might think that it is an older kid beating/teasing a younger classmate however; bullying consists of much more than this. The basic definition of bullying is when your behavior hurts or harms another person physically or emotionally. There are many different types of bullying, which may lead to a victim bec oming violent later on. There is teasing and name calling, thereRead MoreBullying Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesDiana Vanessa Alba Writing Level 5 Cause and Effect Essay BULLYING IS TAKING OUR CHILDREN LIVES Have you ever bullied or been bullied? Bullying behavior can occur for many reasons, some of which are TV violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, lack of parent’s attention and also kids under bad influence. Teens often begin bullying because they want to control those who are weaker than they are. Bullying gives you people an identity, they become well known in school, they want to be popularRead MoreHow Social Media Improved Communication? Essay876 Words   |  4 Pagesand young adults, and that it negatively effects their brains, character, or personalities, while most people see that the social media has a more positive effect on them than a negative one. Moreover, social media has helped many people around the world to connect, or re-connect, with each other, easily. Social media is basically the new way of keeping in touch with everything and everyone, and of even strengthening bonds between each other. This essay will argue that social media has improvedRead MoreThe Concept Of Self Concept1123 Words   |  5 Pagesor their self-esteem. Most of us correlate negative self-concepts, or low self-esteem, with learning difficulties and social reclusion. Recent psychological research has also discovered that inflated self-concept is correlated to violence, including bullying and even criminal acts. While reminiscent of the neo-Freudian Narcissistic Personality Indicator, Carl Rogers’ phenomenological theory is a better explanation of the apparent drive towards bullying and positive self-concepts. Rogers defines self-conceptRead MoreBullying And The Act Of Bullying Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages----------- One may assume bullying in schools was all too common. And of course, in the end, they would absolutely right. For whether one has been the victim of bullying or, perhaps, a perpetrator of it, themselves, one has no doubt been exposed to stories of bullies through friends and family, as much as through movies and media. Indeed, it seems like bullying itself is a theme inseperable theme from one’s childhood or adolescent experience inc school. Whether was the victim of it or not, theyRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1313 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is defined as a use of superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what one wants. The bully and those who are bullied can be of any age; bullying does not discriminate. There are a number of psychological causes and effects that can cause bullying and also the lasting effects of. However, in order to understand the psychology behind bullying, one must understand the rea sons that influence one to become a bully and the effects it can have onRead MoreBullying Is A Common Problem881 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying is a common problem. Bullying is very negative and creates bigger problems for society. Since many people don`t take bullying serious, they are often left shocked and confused when an incident occurs as a result of bullying. This essay is about dealing with bullying and one teens desparate struggle to deal with the issue; which ultimately led to her suicide at the age of 15. There are many forms of bullying. Two types of bullying that Amanda experienced was emotional bullying, which includesRead MoreEssay on Bullying In America989 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is an act that is an everyday occurrence in some people’s lives. Bullying can be direct or indirect. What this means, is that bullying can be in the form of violence such as hitting and kicking or in the form of verbal abuse such as name calling and teasing. Manipulation and exclusion are also forms of bullying. Bullying can be taken into consideration as a minor assault but any form should be taken seriously. Whether it is taken to an extreme, done over a long or short period of time, orRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace On Health And Wellbeing Of Their Employees1508 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisations to protect the health and wellbeing of their employees. Workplace bullying includes verbal, physical, psychological or social abuse by an employer or colleague at work. Rousseau et al (2015, p.287) define workplace bullying as ‘repeated occurrences of negative acts over a sustained duration’ in which victims are unable to defend themselves. Furthermore, Randall (cited in Olive and Cangemi, 2015, p.20) defines workplace bullying as ‘aggressive behaviours that are intended to inflict psychological

Bag of Bones CHAPTER FIVE Free Essays

string(89) " He did have the look of an insomniac, I thought \?\? too wide around the eyes, somehow\." Once, when I was sixteen, a plane went supersonic directly over my head. I was walking in the woods when it happened, thinking of some story I was going to write, perhaps, or how great it would be if Doreen Fournier weakened some Friday night and let me take off her panties while we were parked at the end of Cushman Road. In any case I was travelling far roads in my own mind, and when that boom went off, I was caught totally by surprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Bag of Bones CHAPTER FIVE or any similar topic only for you Order Now I went flat on the leafy ground with my hands over my head and my heart drumming crazily, sure I’d reached the end of my life (and while I was still a virgin). In my forty years, that was the only thing which equalled the final dream of the ‘Manderley series’ for utter terror. I lay on the ground, waiting for the hammer to fall, and when thirty seconds or so passed and no hammer did fall, I began to realize it had just been some jet-jockey from the Brunswick Naval Air Station, too eager to wait until he was out over the Atlantic before going to Mach 1. But, holy shit, who ever could have guessed that it would be so loud? I got slowly to my feet and as I stood there with my heart finally slowing down, I realized I wasn’t the only thing that had been scared witless by that sudden clear-sky boom. For the first time in my memory, the little patch of woods behind our house in Prout’s Neck was entirely silent. I stood there in a dusty bar of sunlight, crumbled leaves all over my tee-shirt and jeans, holding my breath, listening. I had never heard a silence like it. Even on a cold day in January, the woods would have been full of conversation. At last a finch sang. There were two or three seconds of silence, and then a jay replied. Another two or three seconds went by, and then a crow added his two cents’ worth. A woodpecker began to hammer for grubs. A chipmunk bumbled through some underbrush on my left. A minute after I had stood up, the woods were fully alive with little noises again; it was back to business as usual, and I continued with my own. I never forgot that unexpected boom, though, or the deathly silence which followed it. I thought of that June day often in the wake of the nightmare, and there was nothing so remarkable in that. Things had changed, somehow, or could change . . . but first comes silence while we assure ourselves that we are still unhurt and that the danger if there was danger is gone. Derry was shut down for most of the following week, anyway. Ice and high winds caused a great deal of damage during the storm, and a sudden twenty-degree plunge in the temperature afterward made the digging out hard and the cleanup slow. Added to that, the atmosphere after a March storm is always dour and pessimistic; we get them up this way every year (and two or three in April for good measure, if we’re not lucky), but we never seem to expect them. Every time we get clouted, we take it personally. On a day toward the end of that week, the weather finally started to break. I took advantage, going out for a cup of coffee and a mid-morning pastry at the little restaurant three doors down from the Rite Aid where Johanna did her last errand. I was sipping and chewing and working the newspaper crossword when someone asked, ‘Could I share your booth, Mr. Noonan? It’s pretty crowded in here today.’ I looked up and saw an old man that I knew but couldn’t quite place. ‘Ralph Roberts,’ he said. ‘I volunteer down at the Red Cross. Me and my wife, Lois.’ ‘Oh, okay, sure,’ I said. I give blood at the Red Cross every six weeks or so. Ralph Roberts was one of the old parties who passed out juice and cookies afterward, telling you not to get up or make any sudden movements if you felt woozy. ‘Please, sit down.’ He looked at my paper, folded open to the crossword and lying in a patch of sun, as he slid into the booth. ‘Don’t you find that doing the crossword in the Derry News is sort of like striking out the pitcher in a baseball game?’ he asked. I laughed and nodded. ‘I do it for the same reason folks climb Mount Everest, Mr. Roberts . . . because it’s there. Only with the News crossword, no one ever falls off.’ ‘Call me Ralph. Please.’ ‘Okay. And I’m Mike.’ ‘Good.’ He grinned, revealing teeth that were crooked and a little yellow, but all his own. ‘I like getting to the first names. It’s like being able to take off your tie. Was quite a little cap of wind we had, wasn’t it?’ ‘Yes,’ I said, ‘but it’s warming up nicely now.’ The thermometer had made one of its nimble March leaps, climbing from twenty-five degrees the night before to fifty that morning. Better than the rise in air-temperature, the sun was warm again on your face. It was that warmth that had coaxed me out of the house. ‘Spring’ll get here, I guess. Some years it gets a little lost, but it always seems to find its way back home.’ He sipped his coffee, then set the cup down. ‘Haven’t seen you at the Red Cross lately.’ ‘I’m recycling,’ I said, but that was a fib; I’d come eligible to give another pint two weeks ago. The reminder card was up on the refrigerator. It had just slipped my mind. ‘Next week, for sure.’ ‘I only mention it because I know you’re an A, and we can always use that.’ ‘Save me a couch.’ ‘Count on it. Everything going all right? I only ask because you look tired. If it’s insomnia, I can sympathize, believe me.’ He did have the look of an insomniac, I thought too wide around the eyes, somehow. But he was also a man in his mid- to late seventies, and I don’t think anyone gets that far without showing it. Stick around a little while, and life maybe only jabs at your cheeks and eyes. Stick around a long while and you end up looking like Jake La Motta after a hard fifteen. I opened my mouth to say what I always do when someone asks me if I’m all right, then wondered why I always felt I had to pull that tiresome Marlboro Man shit, just who I was trying to fool. What did I think would happen if I told the guy who gave me a chocolate-chip cookie down at the Red Cross after the nurse took the needle out of my arm that I wasn’t feeling a hundred percent? Earthquakes? Fire and flood? Shit. ‘No,’ I said, ‘I really haven’t been feeling so great, Ralph.’ ‘Flu? It’s been going around.’ ‘Nah. The flu missed me this time, actually. And I’ve been sleeping all right.’ Which was true there had been no recurrence of the Sara Laughs dream in either the normal or the high-octane version. ‘I think I’ve just got the blues.’ ‘Well, you ought to take a vacation,’ he said, then sipped his coffee. When he looked up at me again, he frowned and set his cup down. ‘What? Is something wrong?’ No, I thought of saying. You were just the first bird to sing into the silence, Ralph, that’s all. ‘No, nothing wrong,’ I said, and then, because I sort of wanted to see how the words tasted coming out of my own mouth, I repeated them. ‘A vacation.’ ‘Ayuh,’ he said, smiling. ‘People do it all the time.’ People do it all the time. He was right about that; even people who couldn’t strictly afford to went on vacation. When they got tired. When they got all balled up in their own shit. When the world was too much with them, getting and spending. I could certainly afford a vacation, and I could certainly take the time off from work what work, ha-ha? and yet I’d needed the Red Cross cookie-man to point out what should have been self-evident to a college-educated guy like me: that I hadn’t been on an actual vacation since Jo and I had gone to Bermuda, the winter before she died. My particular grindstone was no longer turning, but I had kept my nose to it all the same. It wasn’t until that summer, when I read Ralph Roberts’s obituary in the News (he was struck by a car), that I fully realized how much I owed him. That advice was better than any glass of orange juice I ever got after giving blood, let me tell you. When I left the restaurant, I didn’t go home but tramped over half of the damned town, the section of newspaper with the partly completed crossword puzzle in it clamped under one arm. I walked until I was chilled in spite of the warming temperatures. I didn’t think about anything, and yet I thought about everything. It was a special kind of thinking, the sort I’d always done when I was getting close to writing a book, and although I hadn’t thought that way in years, I fell into it easily and naturally, as if I had never been away. It’s like some guys with a big truck have pulled up in your driveway and are moving things into your basement. I can’t explain it any better than that. You can’t see what these things are because they’re all wrapped up in padded quilts, but you don’t need to see them. It’s furniture, everything you need to make your house a home, make it just right, just the way you wanted it. When the guys have hopped back into their truck and driven away, you go down to the basement and walk around (the way I went walking around Derry that late morning, slopping up hill and down dale in my old galoshes), touching a padded curve here, a padded angle there. Is this one a sofa? Is that’ one a dresser? It doesn’t matter. Everything is here, the movers didn’t forget a thing, and although you’ll have to get it all upstairs yourself (straining your poor old back in the process, more often than not), that’s okay. The important thing is that the delivery was complete. This time I thought hoped the delivery truck had brought the stuff I needed for the back forty: the years I might have to spend in a No Writing Zone. To the cellar door they had come, and they had knocked politely, and when after several months there was still no answer, they had finally fetched a battering ram. HEY BUDDY, HOPE THE NOISE DIDN’T SCARE YOU TOO BAD, SORRY ABOUT THE DOOR! I didn’t care about the door; I cared about the furniture. Any pieces broken or missing? I didn’t think so. I thought all I had to do was get it upstairs, pull off the furniture pads, and put it where it belonged. On my way back home, I passed The Shade, Derry’s charming little revival movie house, which has prospered in spite of (or perhaps because of) the video revolution. This month they were showing classic SF from the fifties, but April was dedicated to Humphrey Bogart, Jo’s all-time favorite. I stood under the marquee for several moments, studying one of the Coming Attractions posters. Then I went home, picked a travel agent pretty much at random from the phone book, and told the guy I wanted to go to Key Largo. Key West, you mean, the guy said. No, I told him, I mean Key Largo, just like in the movie with Bogie and Bacall. Three weeks. Then I rethought that. I was wealthy, I was on my own, and I was retired. What was this ‘three weeks’ shit? Make it six, I said. Find me a cottage or something. Going to be expensive, he said. I told him I didn’t care. When I came back to Derry, it would be spring. In the meantime, I had some furniture to unwrap. I was enchanted with Key Largo for the first month and bored out of my mind for the last two weeks. I stayed, though, because boredom is good. People with a high tolerance for boredom can get a lot of thinking done. I ate about a billion shrimp, drank about a thousand margaritas, and read twenty-three John D. MacDonald novels by actual count. I burned, peeled, and finally tanned. I bought a long-billed cap with PARROTHEAD printed on it in bright green thread. I walked the same stretch of beach until I knew everybody by first name. And I unwrapped furniture. A lot of it I didn’t like, but there was no doubt that it all fit the house. I thought about Jo and our life together. I thought about saying to her that no one was ever going to confuse Being Two with Look Homeward, Angel. ‘You aren’t going to pull a lot of frustrated-artist crap on me, are you, Noonan?’ she had replied . . . and during my time on Key Largo, those words kept coming back, always in Jo’s voice: crap, frustrated-artist crap, all that fucking schoolboy frustrated-artist crap. I thought about her long red woods apron, coming to me with a hatful of black trumpet mushrooms, laughing and triumphant: ‘Nobody on the TR eats better than the Noonans tonight!’ she’d cried. I thought of her painting her toenails, bent over between her own thighs in the way only women doing that particular piece of business can manage. I thought of her throwing a book at me because I laughed at some new haircut. I thought of her trying to learn how to play a breakdown on her banjo and of how she looked braless in a thin sweater. I thought of her crying and laughing and angry. I thought of her telling me it was crap, all that frustrated-artist crap. And I thought about the dreams, especially the culminating dream. I could do that easily, because it never faded as the more ordinary ones do. The final Sara Laughs dream and my very first wet dream (coming upon a girl lying naked in a hammock and eating a plum) are the only two that remain perfectly clear to me, year after year; the rest are either hazy fragments or completely forgotten. There were a great many clear details to the Sara dreams the loons, the crickets, the evening star and my wish upon it, just to name a few but I thought most of those things were just verisimilitude. Scene-setting, if you will. As such, they could be dismissed from my considerations. That left three major elements, three large pieces of furniture to be unwrapped. As I sat on the beach, watching the sun go down between my sandy toes, I didn’t think you had to be a shrink to see how those three things went together. In the Sara dreams, the major elements were the woods behind me, the house below me, and Michael Noonan himself, frozen in the middle. It’s getting dark and there’s danger in the woods. It will be frightening to go to the house below, perhaps because it’s been empty so long, but I never doubt I must go there; scary or not, it’s the only shelter I have. Except I can’t do it. I can’t move. I’ve got writer’s walk. In the nightmare I am finally able to go toward shelter, only the shelter proves false. Proves more dangerous than I had ever expected in my . . . well, yes, in my wildest dreams. My dead wife rushes out, screaming and still tangled in her shroud, to attack me. Even five weeks later and almost three thousand miles from Derry, remembering that speedy white thing with its baggy arms would make me shiver and look back over my shoulder. But was it Johanna? I didn’t really know, did I? The thing was all wrapped up. The coffin looked like the one in which she had been buried, true, but that might just be misdirection. Writer’s walk, writer’s block. I can’t write, I told the voice in the dream. The voice says I can. The voice says the writer’s block is gone, and I believe it because the writer’s walk is gone, I’m finally headed down the driveway, going to shelter. I’m afraid, though. Even before the shapeless white thing makes its appearance, I’m terrified. I say it’s Mrs. Danvers I’m afraid of, but that’s just my dreaming mind getting Sara Laughs and Manderley all mixed up. I’m afraid of ‘I’m afraid of writing,’ I heard myself saying out loud. ‘I’m afraid to even try.’ This was the night before I finally flew back to Maine, and I was half-past sober, going on drunk. By the end of my vacation, I was drinking a lot of evenings. ‘It’s not the block that scares me, it’s undoing the block. I’m really fucked, boys and girls. I’m fucked big-time.’ Fucked or not, I had an idea I’d finally reached the heart of the matter. I was afraid of undoing the block, maybe afraid of picking up the strands of my life and going on without Jo. Yet some deep part of my mind believed I must do it; that’s what the menacing noises behind me in the woods were about. And belief counts for a lot. Too much, maybe, especially if you’re imaginative. When an imaginative person gets into mental trouble, the line between seeming and being has a way of disappearing. Things in the woods, yes, sir. I had one of them right there in my hand as I was thinking these things. I lifted my drink, holding it toward the western sky so that the setting sun seemed to be burning in the glass. I was drinking a lot, and maybe that was okay on Key Largo hell, people were supposed to drink a lot on vacation, it was almost the law but I’d been drinking too much even before I left. The kind of drinking that could get out of hand in no time at all. The kind that could get a man in trouble. Things in the woods, and the potentially safe place guarded by a scary bugbear that was not my wife, but perhaps my wife’s memory. It made sense, because Sara Laughs had always been Jo’s favorite place on earth. That thought led to another, one that made me swing my legs over the side of the chaise I’d been reclining on and sit up in excitement. Sara Laughs had also been the place where the ritual had begun . . . champagne, last line, and the all-important benediction: Well, then, that’s all right, isn’t it? Did I want things to be all right again? Did I truly want that? A month or a year before I mightn’t have been sure, but now I was. The answer was yes. I wanted to move on let go of my dead wife, rehab my heart, move on. But to do that, I’d have to go back. Back to the log house. Back to Sara Laughs. ‘Yeah,’ I said, and my body broke out in gooseflesh. ‘Yeah, you got it.’ So why not? The question made me feel as stupid as Ralph Roberts’s observation that I needed a vacation. If I needed to go back to Sara Laughs now that my vacation was over, indeed why not? It might be a little scary the first night or two, a hangover from my final dream, but just being there might dissolve the dream faster. And (this last thought I allowed in only one humble corner of my conscious mind) something might happen with my writing. It wasn’t likely . . . but it wasn’t impossible, either. Barring a miracle, hadn’t that been my thought on New Year’s Day as I sat on the rim of the tub, holding a damp washcloth to the cut on my forehead? Yes. Barring a miracle. Sometimes blind people fall down, knock their heads, and regain their sight. Sometimes maybe cripples are able to throw their crutches away when they get to the top of the church steps. I had eight or nine months before Harold and Debra started really bugging me for the next novel. I decided to spend the time at Sara Laughs. It would take me a little while to tie things up in Derry, and awhile for Bill Dean to get the house on the lake ready for a year-round resident, but I could be down there by the Fourth of July, easily. I decided that was a good date to shoot for, not just the birthday of our country, but pretty much the end of bug season in western Maine. By the day I packed up my vacation gear (the John D. MacDonald paperbacks I left for the cabin’s next inhabitant), shaved a week’s worth of stubble off a face so tanned it no longer looked like my own to me, and flew back to Maine, I was decided: I’d go back to the place my subconscious mind had identified as shelter against the deepening dark; I’d go back even though my mind had also suggested that doing so would not be without risks. I would not go back expecting Sara to be Lourdes . . . but I would allow myself to hope, and when I saw the evening star peeping out over the lake for the first time, I would allow myself to wish on it. Only one thing didn’t fit into my neat deconstruction of the Sara dreams, and because I couldn’t explain it, I tried to ignore it. I didn’t have much luck, though; part of me was still a writer, I guess, and a writer is a man who has taught his mind to misbehave. It was the cut on the back of my hand. That cut had been in all the dreams, I would swear it had . . . and then it had actually appeared. You didn’t get that sort of shit in the works of Dr. Freud; stuff like that was strictly for the Psychic Friends hotline. It was a coincidence, that’s all, I thought as my plane started its descent. I was in seat A-2 (the nice thing about flying up front is that if the plane goes down, you’re first to the crash site) and looking at pine forests as we slipped along the glidepath toward Bangor International Airport. The snow was gone for another year; I had vacationed it to death. Only coincidence. How many times have you cut your hands? I mean, they’re always out front, aren’t they, waving themselves around? Practically begging for it. All that should have rung true, and yet somehow it didn’t, quite. It should have, but . . . well . . . It was the boys in the basement. They were the ones who didn’t buy it. The boys in the basement didn’t buy it at all. At that point there was a thump as the 737 touched down, and I put the whole line of thought out of my mind. One afternoon shortly after arriving back home, I rummaged the closets until I found the shoeboxes containing Jo’s old photographs. I sorted them, then studied my way through the ones of Dark Score Lake. There were a staggering number of these, but because Johanna was the shutterbug, there weren’t many with her in them. I found one, though, that I remembered taking in 1990 or ’91. Sometimes even an untalented photographer can take a good picture if seven hundred monkeys spent seven hundred years bashing away at seven hundred typewriters, and all that and this was good. In it Jo was standing on the float with the sun going down red-gold behind her. She was just out of the water, dripping wet, wearing a two-piece swimming suit, gray with red piping. I had caught her laughing and brushing her soaked hair back from her forehead and temples. Her nipples were very prominent against the cups of her halter. She looked like an actress on a movie poster for one of those guilty-pleasure B-pictures about monsters at Party Beach or a serial killer stalking the campus. I was sucker-punched by a sudden powerful lust for her. I wanted her upstairs just as she was in that photograph, with strands of her hair pasted to her cheeks and that wet bathing suit clinging to her. I wanted to suck her nipples through the halter top, taste the cloth and feel their hardness through it. I wanted to suck water out of the cotton like milk, then yank the bottom of her suit off and fuck her until we both exploded. Hands shaking a little, I put the photograph aside, with some others I liked (although there were no others I liked in quite that same way). I had a huge hard-on, one of those ones that feel like stone covered with skin. Get one of those and until it goes away you are good for nothing. The quickest way to solve a problem like that when there’s no woman around willing to help you solve it is to masturbate, but that time the idea never even crossed my mind. Instead I walked restlessly through the upstairs rooms of my house with my fists opening and closing and what looked like a hood ornament stuffed down the front of my jeans. Anger may be a normal stage of the grieving process I’ve read that it is but I was never angry at Johanna in the wake of her death until the day I found that picture. Then, wow. There I was, walking around with a boner that just wouldn’t quit, furious with her. Stupid bitch, why had she been running on one of the hottest days of the year? Stupid, inconsiderate bitch to leave me alone like this, not even able to work. I sat down on the stairs and wondered what I should do. A drink was what I should do, I decided, and then maybe another drink to scratch the first one’s back. I actually got up before deciding that wasn’t a very good idea at all. I went into my office instead, turned on the computer, and did a crossword puzzle. That night when I went to bed, I thought of looking at the picture of Jo in her bathing suit again. I decided that was almost as bad an idea as a few drinks when I was feeling angry and depressed. But I’ll have the dream tonight, I thought as I turned off the light. I’ll have the dream for sure. I didn’t, though. My dreams of Sara Laughs seemed to be finished. A week’s thought made the idea of at least summering at the lake seem better than ever. So, on a Saturday afternoon in early May when I calculated that any self-respecting Maine caretaker would be home watching the Red Sox, I called Bill Dean and told him I’d be at my lake place from the Fourth of July or so . . . and that if things went as I hoped, I’d be spending the fall and winter there as well. ‘Well, that’s good,’ he said. ‘That’s real good news. A lot of folks down here’ve missed you, Mike. Quite a few that want to condole with you about your wife, don’t you know.’ Was there the faintest note of reproach in his voice, or was that just my imagination? Certainly Jo and I had cast a shadow in the area; we had made significant contributions to the little library which served the Motton-Kashwakamak-Castle View area, and Jo had headed the successful fund drive to get an area bookmobile up and running. In addition to that, she had been part of a ladies’ sewing circle (afghans were her specialty), and a member in good standing of the Castle County Crafts Co-op. Visits to the sick . . . helping out with the annual volunteer fire department blood drive . . . womaning a booth during Summerfest in Castle Rock . . . and stuff like that was only where she had started. She didn’t do it in any ostentatious Lady Bountiful way, either, but unobtrusively and humbly, with her head lowered (often to hide a rather sharp smile, I should add my Jo had a Biercean sense of humor). Christ, I thought, maybe old Bill had a right to sound reproachful. ‘People miss her,’ I said. ‘Ayuh, they do.’ ‘I still miss her a lot myself. I think that’s why I’ve stayed away from the lake. That’s where a lot of our good times were.’ ‘I s’pose so. But it’ll be damned good to see you down this way. I’ll get busy. The place is all right you could move into it this afternoon, if you was a mind but when a house has stood empty the way Sara has, it gets stale.’ ‘I know.’ ‘I’ll get Brenda Meserve to clean the whole shebang from top to bottom. Same gal you always had, don’t you know.’ ‘Brenda’s a little old for comprehensive spring cleaning, isn’t she?’ The lady in question was about sixty-five, stout, kind, and gleefully vulgar. She was especially fond of jokes about the travelling salesman who spent the night like a rabbit, jumping from hole to hole. No Mrs. Danvers she. ‘Ladies like Brenda Meserve never get too old to oversee the festivities,’ Bill said. ‘She’ll get two or three girls to do the vacuuming and heavy lifting. Set you back maybe three hundred dollars. Sound all right?’ ‘Like a bargain.’ ‘The well needs to be tested, and the gennie, too, although I’m sure both of em’s okay. I seen a hornet’s nest by Jo’s old studio that I want to smoke before the woods get dry. Oh, and the roof of the old house you know, the middle piece needs to be reshingled. I shoulda talked to you about that last year, but with you not using the place, I let her slide. You stand good for that, too?’ ‘Yes, up to ten grand. Beyond that, call me.’ ‘If we have to go over ten, I’ll smile and kiss a pig.’ ‘Try to have it all done before I get down there, okay?’ ‘Coss. You’ll want your privacy, I know that . . . just so long’s you know you won’t get any right away. We was shocked when she went so young; all of us were. Shocked and sad. She was a dear.’ From a Yankee mouth, that word rhymes with Leah. ‘Thank you, Bill.’ I felt tears prickle my eyes. Grief is like a drunken house guest, always coming back for one more goodbye hug. ‘Thanks for saying.’ ‘You’ll get your share of carrot-cakes, chummy.’ He laughed, but a little doubtfully, as if afraid he was committing an impropriety. ‘I can eat a lot of carrot-cake,’ I said, ‘and if folks overdo it, well, hasn’t Kenny Auster still got that big Irish wolfhound?’ ‘Yuh, that thing’d eat cake til he busted!’ Bill cried in high good humor. He cackled until he was coughing. I waited, smiling a little myself. ‘Blueberry, he calls that dog, damned if I know why. Ain’t he the gormiest thing!’ I assumed he meant the dog and not the dog’s master. Kenny Auster, not much more than five feet tall and neatly made, was the opposite of gormy, that peculiar Maine adjective that means clumsy, awkward, and clay-footed. I suddenly realized that I missed these people Bill and Brenda and Buddy Jellison and Kenny Auster and all the others who lived year-round at the lake. I even missed Blueberry, the Irish wolfhound, who trotted everywhere with his head up just as if he had half a brain in it and long strands of saliva depending from his jaws. ‘I’ve also got to get down there and clean up the winter blowdown,’ Bill said. He sounded embarrassed. ‘It ain’t bad this year that last big storm was all snow over our way, thank God but there’s still a fair amount of happy crappy I ain’t got to yet. I shoulda put it behind me long before now. You not using the place ain’t an excuse. I been cashing your checks.’ There was something amusing about listening to the grizzled old fart beating his breast; Jo would have kicked her feet and giggled, I’m quite sure. ‘If everything’s right and running by July Fourth, Bill, I’ll be happy.’ ‘You’ll be happy as a clam in a mudflat, then. That’s a promise.’ Bill sounded as happy as a clam in a mudflat himself, and I was glad. ‘Goingter come down and write a book by the water? Like in the old days? Not that the last couple ain’t been fine, my wife couldn’t put that last one down, but ‘ ‘I don’t know,’ I said, which was the truth. And then an idea struck me. ‘Bill, would you do me a favor before you clean up the driveway and turn Brenda Meserve loose?’ ‘Happy to if I can,’ he said, so I told him what I wanted. Four days later, I got a little package with this laconic return address: DEAN/GEN DELIV/TR-90 (DARK SCORE). I opened it and shook out twenty photographs which had been taken with one of those little cameras you use once and then throw away. Bill had filled out the roll with various views of the house, most conveying that subtle air of neglect a place gets when it’s not used enough . . . even a place that’s caretook (to use Bill’s word) gets that neglected feel after awhile. I barely glanced at these. The first four were the ones I wanted, and I lined them up on the kitchen table, where the strong sunlight would fall directly on them. Bill had taken these from the top of the driveway, pointing the disposable camera down at the sprawl of Sara Laughs. I could see the moss which had grown not only on south wings, as well. I could see the litter of fallen branches and the drifts of pine needles on the driveway. Bill must have been tempted to clear all that away before taking his snaps, but he hadn’t. I’d told him exactly what I wanted ‘warts and all’ was the phrase I had used and Bill had given it to me. The bushes on either side of the driveway had thickened a lot since Jo and I had spent any significant amount of time at the lake; they hadn’t exactly run wild, but yes, some of the longer branches did seem to yearn toward each other across the asphalt like separated lovers. Yet what my eye came back to again and again was the stoop at the foot of the driveway. The other resemblances between the photographs and my dreams of Sara Laughs might only be coincidental (or the writer’s often surprisingly practical imagination at work), but I could explain the sunflowers growing out through the boards of the stoop no more than I had been able to explain the cut on the back of my hand. I turned one of the photos over. On the back, in a spidery script, Bill had written: These fellows are way early . . . and trespassing! I flipped back to the picture side. Three sunflowers, growing up through the boards of the stoop. Not two, not four, but three large sunflowers with faces like searchlights. Just like the ones in my dream. How to cite Bag of Bones CHAPTER FIVE, Essay examples

Threat Intelligence to Executive Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: How to communicate Threat Intelligence to Executives? Answer: Threat intelligence communication is very key in ensuring that proper measures have been taken before attacks occur. Discovering threats is one thing and propagating the threat to the relevant executive for proper measures to be taken is totally a different thing. This involves making the threat actionable for the targeted business. The communication under discussion is vertical in most cases, whereby the issue is escalated to higher authorities up to the executives that make the necessary decisions. The most crucial thing in communicating the threat efficiently and effectively is to do a comprehensive analysis of the business under the risk. Analysis may involve a close scrutiny of the operations and transactions of the business both internally and externally. It evaluates the security measures and mitigations that the business has put in place to compact any potential threat. (Franolich, 2017 ) After an evaluation, any business executive desire a solution rather than a problem. Therefore, for a better communication of any threat, a breakdown of possible solutions must be outlined and suggested to counter attack the identified threat. A demonstration of the vulnerabilities and weak points that attackers can use to gain access to the system is a useful step to win executive trust in the intelligence that one is putting across. Moreover, a demonstration of the solution to combat the problem at hand should be suggested. By showing the executives the consequences attached to threats as well as explaining the solution towards it can convince them to take action to the identified threat. Cybercrime in social media grows at an alarming rate The number of social media platforms have increased at a very high speed considering the increase in innovations and inventions all over the world. These platforms host very many people that interconnect on a daily basis through messages, chats and mails. However, these networks many vulnerabilities and weakness that hackers can use to penetrate into and perform malicious operations. With the number increasing up to 70% increase in six months, recorded Cybercrime events are one click away on the internet. Malicious individuals take advantage of these social media platforms because they are free, easy-to-use, and offer a global reach (Bleau, 2016). They launch fake accounts and website of well-known domain names such as Google, Amazon, Alibaba, etc. to redirect online users to malicious web contents including pornographic sites. In the recent past, many fake accounts of popular individuals have attracted many unknowledgeable internet users to follow them which lead them to presumably official accounts contents. The increase has been majorly influenced by the need of the every device and every person on the whole globe to interconnect and share resources. Fundraising accounts that are created on social media platforms have been intercepted and the credit details altered to redirect the raise funds to anonymous personnel. The internet community are face with the challenge to innovate security mechanisms to identify and expose any Cybercrime attacks. Every online user has a responsibility to be vigilant and observe preventive measures that doesnt expose them or their data to hackers. Moreover, social media platforms have a role to enforce security procedures to protect their users data from being accessed by malicious individuals. Cyber Body Language Cyber Body Language or Digital Body Language is similar to facial expression or behavior a user makes when interacting in the cyber world. Cyber Body Language is best understood as Context-Awareness where a device or software is designed, primarily or partly, to analyze the behavior or pattern of the users and apply information gathered to automatically assert products, services, or other purposes such as security monitoring (ZUHRI, 2017). With the increasing number of internet users who spend a lot of time online, there has been a demand to understand and identify users by the websites they visit, the web applications they use, the posts and comments they make in social media platforms. The comprehensive ability of cyber body language involves first being aware of the context an online user is in. This involves understanding the provided device or the use application in order to gather and synthesize the context information. Gathering the users behavior online is achieved by having context awareness systems which analyze and record the users operations in that particular context. A successful context awareness system is achieved by scrutinizing the posts that users send to social media platforms including images and videos. Similarly, a series of comments and emotional emojis attaches a particular contextual event to a certain reaction by a certain user. However, understanding cyber body language by applying context awareness system has been subjected to the breach of users privacy. This is considered as collecting personal information without the consent of the users. The collected data on the other hand has been suspected to be sold out to organizations that advertise to users according to the intelligent statistics made by the context awareness systems Biometrics are the future of security Authentication is one of the core pillars of security enforcement. It describes the process of verifying that they are the one who they say they are. There are many implemented mechanisms to authenticate use to systems and applications. These procedures have proven to be inefficient to novices and vulnerable to malicious programs that brute force into the safeguarded application or register key logging activities to get personal information of users. The most common implemented authentication system is the username and password (UNP) model. This model registers a user to a system which in-turn logs in a user through matching username and password. Unfortunately, this model has forced online users to reuse their credentials which increase their vulnerability to malicious attacks. Two-factor authentication models have proven a more secure solution but has a drawback for its failure to provide a suitable user experience. The engagement of biometrics of voice recognition systems and fingerprint scans have provided a more secure solution to authentication problem which is less vulnerable to hacks and more convenient to all levels of users. The implementable biometric authentication system is considerably simplified and highly accelerated to access systems with ease. Biometrics are arguably the future to securing any basic products in the future, whereby any personal information and credit card information will be linked to personnel biometrics to grant them access to social amenities. When these fields are mastered, biometric-powered multifactor authentication will finally unify the age-old opposing forces of convenience and security, and a brilliant and incredibly secure end-user experience will be established(Team2, Digital ID Biometrics are the key to marrying security and convenience, 2017). Integration Technologies promise a more reliable security Integrated technologies are a combination of two or more set of security models that rely each other in order to grant access to a certain facility or service. Over years, independent technologies have not been trusted in offering a safer security to access of services. When a single security model is compromised the whole system is compromised. Organizations have opted to secure their resources by implementing integrated technologies whereby a series of access codes is given to different people who have to authorize and authenticate the access to the system. An integration of cutting edge biometric recognition technology and key management systems is offering the very highest levels of security for organizations managing large number of priority keys (Team2, 2017). In addition to biometric recognition security access codes such as fingerprint scans or voice recognition systems, organizations have added a verification confirmation of personal identification numbers to grant access. It offers a more reliable security system because without correct series of security pass codes, one cannot be able to bypass the lock system. Moreover, more critical systems demand that more than one person is given a portion of the pass codes, which means that all the personnel having the keys have to authorize the access for a consistent, correct and complete access key. Other integrated technologies have deployed a system that notify the system administrator in case of any authentication attempt to the system. A history of all authenticated users is kept in order for tracking any unusual behavior or intrusion into the system during a particular session. Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems are among these integrated technologies that detect any intrusion and prevent them accordingl Unique ways to protect yourself from DDoS attacks Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have always been a problem over the years to organizations that have their presence on the internet. Many companies have been face with this viral attack, it has proved to be one of the worst pandemic to the cyber world. Many solutions have been presented but DDoS attacks are notoriously still increasing(Team2, 2017). A few ways to protect oneself from these attacks include: Implement Proxy Protection Proxy protection hides real time IP address from any malicious attacks by presenting an extra layer of security which DDoS attacks would crack before launching its attacks. Its not only a protection mechanism but also a performance enhancement protocol. Block spoofed IP Addresses It is recommended that once IP Addresses have been spoofed, one blocks them. Spoofed IP Addresses are vulnerable to potential future attacks. Allowing data packets from trust hosts is a sure way to ensure that malicious data does not corrupt the system. Monitor Traffic Levels Distributed Denial of Service attacks tend to send a lot of traffic to a targeted route in order to clog the network so as to prevent legitimate transmission of data to allowed channels. The network administrator has to install Traffic Monitoring system to detect any unusual traffic over the network and prevent it accordingly as well as sending alerts. Monitor interconnected devices DDoS attacks have been known to distribute easily from one device to another. A complex system with different interconnected devices is more vulnerable than an independent system. To prevent DDoS attacks from attacking an entire system, a routine monitoring of all interconnected devices is necessary to isolate any susceptible device. The hidden nature of The Dark Web The internet has presented the world with many positive good reasons for its existence but at the same time, it has presented us with a platform that it is frequently associated with financial fraud, file sharing and data breaches, including the sale of details from identity theft (Team2, 2017). It comprises of publicly accessible websites that are anonymously hidden on the internet by the use of encryption technologies. It is a place where criminals conduct their illegal business of selling drugs, weapons, exchange stolen goods and other unhuman activities. The data that hosts the contents of the dark web are stored in random encrypted computers interconnected all over the world that make it hard to unravel their source of information. File sharing has been at the fore front goal of the Dark web where leaked Government secrets are shared over the internet, credit card details of individuals that have been hacked are sold at fee in order to commit financial fraud. Illegal business agreements such as selling of narcotic drugs is highly conducted in the hoods, pornography and child pornography is promoted and done using the same platform. Individuals on the internet are encouraged to protect their data by following best security practices whenever they use the internet. Checking social media settings often is a good step to secure personal data as well not sharing critical information publicly is recommendable. Changing passwords regularly is also a good move to bar hackers from accessing unauthorized system. ATM Black Box Threatens Banking. ATM Black Box attack is whereby criminals identify access points in the physical architecture of the ATM that would grant them access to cables or ports allowing them to attach a laptop to the internal computer of the ATM (Warner, May 20, 2017). This attack has been witnessed in the recent past to target Automated Vending Machines by manipulating the vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system architecture of the machines. The new attack has been influenced by the potential transmission of commands when accessing the interconnected wires to the core operating system. After access to the interconnected wires, a laptop is usually attached and which in turn issue commands to the ATM resulting to the payout and manipulative actions to the cash system in the machine. The technique of causing an ATM machine to dump all of its cash is called "Jackpotting." This mechanism is majorly done after the hackers access to the system through supervisor mode of safe mode. These modes grant the hacker access to issue commands that dump all the cash from the ATM machine physically or send them to other distributive channels. The concern rather has not been to the ATM Computer but the cables that connect to the dispenser. This therefore allows the connected laptops malicious program to run commands to the dispenser that execute commands from the ATM machine, thus giving orders to dispense bills or cash out the machine. Mitigation guidelines have been provided by Expert Group on ATM Fraud (EGAF) to combat ATM attacks. These procedures outlines measures to conduct Threats Assessment to all possible ATM attacks. Replacement Touchscreen can hack a Phone. The rise of mobile smart phones all over the globe has given hackers a new platform to target data and programs through mobile phones. Replacement Touchscreen is one of the upcoming hardware implant that hackers use to launch malicious programs to phones by embedding malware programs in the replaced screens (Schneier, 2017). This attack has been influenced by the high number of screen breakages that require replacement at one point in time. By manipulating this possible vulnerability, hackers can install malicious apps, record the key logs of keyboard inputs and send them remotely. The programs can record passwords and personal identification numbers of financial applications, take pictures and videos of the surrounding environment through the screen and in turn email them to the attacker. Unlike most of the attacks, replacement of touchscreen attack is not easily identified by the owner of the phone, which leaves them unaware of any suspicious behavior of the phones operations. The malware can run manipulative programs to the phones operating system to alter the normal functionalities of the installed programs, change passwords and perform unauthorized actions to social media platforms. It is upon people owning smart phones to be vigilant to any hardware modification of their phones once they are repaired. It is therefore recommended to ensure that any hardware implants to smartphones is conducted by the phones manufacturer with official branded parts, rather than street persons who may put phones to possible vulnerabilities that may cause more harm than rectification. Say No to Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is whereby on internet user abuses, bullies, intimidates, despises or look down upon another user through the use of text messages sent via mobile phones online. Cyberbullying has been experienced by children worldwide, which is facilitated by the raise of many different social media networks, children have access to other interconnected users online. Many victimized children have been affected negatively by this cybercrime attack which leads them to conduct activities against their will or depict unusual behavior to other children. Research has it that 90% of the children experiencing cyberbullying never tell an adult. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report, being the victim of school bullying or cyberbullying is associated with substantial distress, resulting in lower school performance and school attachment(Markozashvili, 2017 ). This attacks effects are detrimental to children both mental, physical and social lives. Many campaigns have been launched to raise awareness of the cyberbullying consequences to children. Although many countries have laws prohibiting harassment and stalking, they have fallen short of addressing cyber bullying. Technology and Telecommunication companies should enforce appropriate security measures regarding children using services online. Procedures and guidelines should be documented in Policy Acts to ensure that any online service provider to children adhere to the provided acts. It is therefore a collective responsibility of the entire society to take arms to combat this attack by prohibiting cyberbullying in all sides. The increasing numbers of this attack online poses a great danger to the coming generation, a generation that will have a domino effect to other generations to come. The effects of this attack References Schneier, B. (2017). Hacking a Phone Through a Replacement Touchscreen - Schneier on Security. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2017/08/hacking_a_phone.html Franolich, J. (2017). SANS Digital Forensics and Incident Response Blog | Three Steps to Communicate Threat Intelligence to Executives. | SANS Institute. Digital-forensics.sans.org. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digital-forensics.sans.org/blog/2017/05/22/three-steps-to-communicate-threat-intelligence-to-executives Markozashvili, D. (2017). Campaign Art: Raise your voice against cyberbullying. People, Spaces, Deliberation. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/publicsphere/campaign-art-raise-your-voice-against-cyberbullying Bleau, H. (2016). Cybercrime in Social Media Grows 70% in Six Months. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.rsa.com/en-us/blog/2016-12/cybercrime-social-media-grows-70-six-months Team2, D. (2017). Cyber Body Language. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digitalforensicsmagazine.com/blogs/?p=2200 Warner, G. (2017). Europol Announces 27 ATM Black Box arrests. blogspot.co.ke. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://garwarner.blogspot.co.ke/2017/05/europol-announces-27-atm-black-box.html Team2, D. (2017). Digital ID Biometrics are the key to marrying security and convenience. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digitalforensicsmagazine.com/blogs/?p=2111 Team2, D. (2017). Integrated Technologies are the Key. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digitalforensicsmagazine.com/blogs/?p=1972 Team2, D. (2017). DDoS Protection: 14 Unique Ways to Protect Yourself from DDoS Attacks. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digitalforensicsmagazine.com/blogs/?p=1903 Team2, D. (2017). The Dark Web explained what does it mean for online security?. com. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://digitalforensicsmagazine.com/blogs/?p=1893

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays

A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essays A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency Essay A Study on the Psychological Concept of Codependency BY sunytxtn19920410 Is it Addiction to Love or Disease to Please? Key words: codependence, personality, self, early childhood The codependency concept initially originated and evolved within the field of addictions (Hands and Dear, 1995). And in recent years, there has been some increasing interest in using it to bridge the gap between additive behaviors, their impact on family members, and systemic analysis about family dysfunction. As a result, term codependence prominences in the filed of mental health (Hogg Frank, 1992). Cermak (1986) proposes that codependence is both a legitimate psychological concept and an important human disorder, in which symptom includes external focus, excessive caring for others and difficulty in identifying the true self. By studying theory of codependency, I have introspected a lot, finding that some of my own personality traits fit well with the description of codependency. The project will be divided into four parts. Firstly, the project starts with the introduction and distinction of two co-related terms: love addition and codependence disease, with illustration of my own love experience during adolescence. Then, it comes to analysis the manifestation of codependence behaviors, especially related to the term of shame and dissociated self. Thirdly, this project will explore how childrens experience during early childhood impacts his or her disposition of being codependent. Finally, several critical approaches to the theory will be presented. In Women who love too much (1985), Robin Norwood describes women who gain their sense of mission by loving broken, emotionally needy man at expense of self-sacrifice and who blur the boundary of romantic love and suffering itself. She also notes that ometimes, it is through over-involvement in a one-sided, even destructive relation can women achieve sense of control and strength (ibid. ). That makes me connect with my own experience. Adam and I fell in love in high school. He was such a hot, smart guy, with bundles of admires, while I was Just an ordinary, plain-looking girl. Every minute I loved him, I felt fear to lose him. I could not convince myself that men like him would love me for my beauty or talent. I was really afraid of be abandoned. My only defense was to try to make him like me for other reasons. I was willing to do anything for him. I cleaned his room, made lunch for him everyday, and cheered for him during his every basketball game, never absent. IVe almost given up all my personal time to do things for him. Eventually, I did not even wait for him to ask for something, I fgured out what he might want, and gave it to him. Because only by giving could I feel useful and Justified my own existence. Gaining Adams approval for me is my only way to achieve self-esteem and self- actualization. However, it turned out that my niceness to Adam had opposite effect on our relationship. He dumbed me for several times. He explained to his brothers that he did not feel that much attracted by me. After all, all of his ex-girls are gorgeous and brilliant. I have to say that those words made my ego smashed. to beg for forgiveness. And, against all expectations, I accepted. When he got his knees down in front of me, sniveling to me how painful he was without me. I chose to believe him because I need to. But before long, Adam blew me off again. And that time, he explained that it is because I was too nice and that makes him bear too much pressure. I got nothing to refute but agreed tearfully. But once Adam came ack to me, I would say yes once again. I Just could not leave him. I was trapped in the circle of alternately painful and exhilarating of love addition. Even I know it clearly that this pattern of alternating approval and contempt, intimacy and rejection, idealization and devaluation is not healthy, even destructive. I could still not get rid of it. What Adam is to me is like what drugs is to its addict. Addictions to substance and to behavior share lot in common. Just like psychoactive substances such as marijuana, cocaine, alcohol and affect neurotransmission in various pathways of the rain to release chemicals that release nervous tension, the similar impact on the rate of neurotransmission occurs with various compulsive behaviors such as eating, spending or over-caretaking for others to avoid discomfort or social pains (Chelton et al. , 1985). I didnt fully understand that I am more strongly driven by my need to avoid the negative emotion and assault to my self-esteem of Adams rejection and disapproval than I am regain his love, until now. Although Norwood labels such relationship as love addiction, many mental health experts began to use the term odependence to describe essentially the same syndrome. Love addiction has been refined as personality disorder that refers to an enduring and identifiable constellation of inflexible and maladaptive personality traits, which predispose the individual to pathological forms of dependency (for both substance and behavior) (Haaken, 1993). Cermak (1986a, 1986b), points out that Individuals with such emotional disease of codependence usually have obvious symptoms such as avoidance, over-dependence, or self-defeating. It is suggested that codependents develop an excessive sensitivity to the needs of others. To attempt to feel connected to other person, codependents will deny or ignore their own needs. Ultimately, individuals suffer from profound void within the self. They got lost in the relationship. Personality is defined as characteristics that manifest on patterns of behaviors, which are consistent across situations and life. Therefore, it is essential for us to explore the codependent behavior first before we study this personality itself. According to Dears category (2004), codependent behaviors compose of four cores: 1 . Emotional suppression (e. g limited assertion, retarded conscious awareness, ) 2. Self- acrifice (e. g over caring for others at expense of neglecting their own needs,) 3. External focusing (e. g stay focus on others, construct self values on the base of others thoughts) 4. Interpersonal control (e. an entrenched responsibility in ones belief to fix other people problems or feel obligated to rescue them) The consequence that may occur with codependence behavior consists of two parts: a one-sided addictive relationship with substance or toxic person, and the over-reliance of approval and intimacy from others in order to actualize sense of security, self-worth and identity (Wegscheider-Cruse and Cruse, 1990). An interesting point: Timmen Cermak (1991) contends that the distinct between c odependence and other personality world. It is noticeable that, vast majority of codependents, according to Matiatios (2002), is what we may regard as perennial NICE people in our daily life. They are people who are always with warm smile; almost never refuse to do a favor. However, as Matiatos mentions, on the surface these people look happy and bubbly for all the time, but once they look inside themselves, they find nothing but emotional starvation, thus cause subsequent void, depression and even collapse. It is because hat codependents are over perceptive of others but not at all perceptive of themselves. Actually, I perceive myself as a Codependent according to the description above. Not only to Adam, I try my best to treat everyone Nicely. For example, in order not to forget any of my friends birthday, I took a memo on which to take down everyones birthday. I give them birthday gifts even if that means I will have less money to spend on my lunch. I speak to everyone with gentle voice and careful words, fearing that anyone might be offended so that people wont like me anymore. And gradually, IVe become one of the NICEST girls in life. And I enjoy the approval and reliance of my surrounding people. But I frequently get struck into depression or anguished feelings whenever I perceive that someone is not like me as much as I expected or one of my friends did not do anything in return of my pay. For example, when I was in high school, one of my best friends has once forgotten my birthday. No gift, no card, no phone calls, no happy birthday words, she Just did not show up the whole day. I was disappointed, in fact, devastated. I could not stop blaming myself. I believe that if anything goes wrong, it must be my fault. And how ould she do that thing to hurt me? But I was reluctant to go to her to assert myself or to ask why. And I did not manage to emancipate myself from that anguished feeling until she came to me to apologize for her carelessness next day. Till then, I realized how good I am at making myself bad. Just like Braiker (2003) suggests in the Disease to Please , though people-pleaser believe that they are excel at making others happy, the truth is that the real talent lies is making themselves inadequate and miserable. For some time I have been confused about one problem: why couldnt I get rid of my bsession to please others, even if I know it clear that behavior is toxic. hen looking deep into my mind, I think I got the answer: SHAME. I feel shamed of who I am. And I dont have belief in me worthy of love, approval or happiness. In my psycho-logic, only by fulfilling others expectation, can I avoid negative emotions such as rejection or anger towards me. The drive for approval stimulates me to pursue the emotion satisfaction in the same ways even with the pre-knowledge that I might get hurt. For people-pleasers, they are accustomed to camouflaging their true feelings with mask f chronic niceness (out of debilitating fear of conflicts, abandonment and disapproval) (Frances and Miller, 1990). Even worse, the symptom of codependence may develop into dissociation, which is defined by Chu (1998) as a disruption of the normal integration of experience. To explore the formation of personality trait of Competence, we first understand the basic mechanisms that determine all the behaviors. In general, Human behaviors fall into two main categories: innate behavior, which is encrypted into biological code that is our birthright, the other kind of behavior is so-call acquired or learned. Ryckman, 2008) Behavior is determined by experience, based on the principle of reinforcement or conditioning (ibid. ). role of environment stimuli plays the dominant role in ones shape of personality. It is suggested that codependence develops as the result of long-term exposure to a dysfunction family environment in where either (a) physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; (b) neglect; or (c) excessive trauma has been manifested. (Potter-Efron Potter-Efron, 1989a, 1989b). It is noticeable that the environment refers to individuals family of origin, in most cases. Dr. Peter Walker (2005), one of the leading experts in tudying development of childhood trauma, indicates that trauma- based families are most common scenarios where child developed Fawn (synonymous with Codependency) repertoire of instinctive responses to trauma. Fawn, with the definition given by Websters means: to act servilely; cringe and flatter, is defined as the core component of many codependents. (Walker, 2005) Take the growing up of my father as the example. He was raised in a single-parent family with my grandfather who was a heavy drinker then. Like most alcoholics, he changed his moods and behavior like chameleon. Most of time, he was a loving and warming father. But once he got drunk, he could be clod and withholding or irrationally angry and explosive. What worse, grandfather always hit my father and his younger sister when he lost mind after several drinks. And my father used to fght back against the violence, but he was too weak to win. And that protesting to abuse led to even more frightening retaliation. As a result, he relinquished the fght response. And to impose order on chaos, my father changed his strategy. He tried his best to be a nice and good boy to make his dad happy or satisfied. Because he reasoned that if the dad can keep pleased and approving, it is less likely for him to go out for drink, thus the consequence of intoxication will not be as bad. Even if he could not prevent the dad drunk, he learns that avoiding disapproval and criticism of his father is the safest means of survival. Being in a family environment filled with chaos or trauma, children will enter survival mode to protect themselves at the expense of abandoning their identification as children. Because of this sense of powerless, children quickly learned and then accustomed to ignore their inner feelings and needs. Thus, they reject introspection and ultimately disconnect with their self (Kuhot, 1999). And my fathers example demonstrates the point rather well. As an adult, he is both super- caring and super-sensitive. He is so kind and warm-hearted that he almost never refuses to do a favor. But on the other hand, he almost never asserts himself. Sometimes I find him exhausted on taking care of others instead of taking care of himself. However, not all codependents that embodied as approval addiction are from dysfunctional or troubled families. In some families, parents and children are bonded tightly. But the problem of codependence may still occur when parents use inappropriate way to induce child to form his or her value system. In particular, when love is used as a conditional rewards (Braiker, 2004). When child behave decently or show talent for some areas, which please parents well, the parents then labeled them as good, and presumably worthy of love. But once child makes mistakes or fails to performance well in school, the love will be withdrawn. That parental pattern is so-called conditional love, which will be devastating to children, because the parents are in fact setting the stage for their children to be approval ddicts (ibid. ). In the mind ofa little child, it seems that there is no distinct behavior. In families parents pattern of conditional love is frequently reinforced, the sense of the worthiness of the child as a person becomes enmeshed with his or her behavior. Following with that psycho-logic, children will no longer focus on their inner self, because who his or her existence depends on what they do. Doing good things is equated with to being a good person worthy of love. Likewise, doing bad things means you are a bad guy, which indicates that people will leave you alone, and thats hat you deserve. Children who were raised in such environment show an excessive concern with approval of people that they love and respect, especially their parents. To live up to their parents expectation, they even alienate them from their own desires and capacity to self-actualization. In addition, adult approval addicts will response to criticism with intense anxiety due to their emotional baggage from early childhood. And it is suggested that they do not know about their real needs of inner self at all. As for me, I feel very lucky since my parents have performed an unconditional love regard to me. Even if I misbehave myself in some occasions, they always keep telling me that Though you made mistake, I love you the same. Thus constructs the basis of my self-esteem: I am a whole human being, and my worth of being depends on who I am, not how others think I am. Nevertheless, I also found myself extremely obsessive about the approval from my mum. She is the most perfect creature IVe ever met on this planet. She is gorgeous, kind, brilliant, and tremendously strong. I have been worshiped my mum for years as idol. To gain her approval is highest honor and greatest encourage for me. As the result, I work hard to live up with her expectation for me, without asking myself what do I really want. Mellody (1989) suggests that it is generally accepted that codependency is pervasive phenomenon observed in everyday life and a personality disorder that treatment needed. As the popularity of appeal of the codependency construct increased, a more precise understanding of codependency has been stymied by the lack substantiate research, to test whether it is a useful diagnostic category (Cermak, 1986a). In addition, many scholars have called the utility and validity of this theory nto question (Haaken, 1990). Moreover, social and cultural factors have been neglected. Prest and Storm suggests (1988) that further exploration of codependence should focus more on similarities and differences among various ethic groups. Moreover, codependence theory is critiqued for its ubiquitous diagnosis which requires expensive professional treatment cost. And it has been controversial about the creation to diagnose codependence. For example, based on the definition of external focus on others, it can be concluded that each of us will be more or less diagnosed as having the symptom. Thus creates an ambiguous boundary to identify this concept. Moreover, critics towards its function of value proposition, the so-called selfish egoism. Because based on the existing framework, one can only be Judged normal or self-esteem when he/ she behaves extreme self-centric. However, as far as I am concern. The criticism which matter most is the gender bias underlying. Codependency is usually described as a typical famine malady. In fact, woman accounts for vast majority of 80 percent of membership in ACOA(Adult Children of Alcoholi) (Haaken,2002) It is controversial that whether therapist should treat odependency distinct psychiatric disorder (Dore et al. 1995). Based on a feminist roles in relationship. In conclusion, codependence is now acknowledged as a mental disorder, of which manifestation of addictive behavior. Patterned behaviors means that codependency can be defined as personality traits as well. In most cases, such personality traits are typical in trauma-based family, where children learn to survive through closeness of their inner world. However, it can be seen from the example of my growing that appropriate way of induce child to build their value system in early hildhood matters as well, or dysfunction will occur the same. Though experience a lot of controversy, theory of codependency inspired us to introspect of our inner world all the time. To ask you inner self, are you the real master of you mind and body? Words counts: 3070 Reference: Chelton, L. G. , Bonney, W. C. (1987). Addiction, affects and self object theory. Psychotherapy, 24, 40-46. Cermak, T. L. , (1986b). Diagnostic criteria for codependency. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 18(1), 15-20. Cermak,T. L. (1986). Diagnosticcriteriaforcodependency. JournalofPsychoactiveDrug ,18(1),15-20. Braiker. H. B (2003) the disease to please Publisher: McGraw-Hill Beattie, M. 1993) Codependent no more: how to stop controlling others and start caring for yourself . Center City, MN: Hazelden, York: Guilford. Hands, M. A. and Dear, G. E. , (1995) Codependency: A critical review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 13, 437-445. Hogg, J. A. and Frank, M. L. , (1992) Toward an interpersonal model of codependence and contradependence. OJournal of Counseling and Development , 70, 371-375. Haaken. J (1993) A1-Anon to ACOA: Codependence and restructure of caregiving Signs, vol. 18, NO 2 PP 321-345 Kohut, H. (1999). The analysis of the self. New York: International University Press. Lancer, D (2004) Shame: the core addiction to codependence. Mellody. P,. (1989). Facing codependence. San Francisco: Harper. Potter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989a). Assessment of co-dependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 37-57. OPotter-Efron, R. T. , Potter-Efron, P. S. (1989b). Outpatient co-dependency treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(1), 151-167. (1988). The codependent relationship sof compulsive eaters and drinkers:Drawing arallels. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(4), 339-350. POTTER-EFRONR. , POTTER-EFRONP S. (1989). Assessment of codependency with individuals from alcoholic and chemically dependent families. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6, 37-57. Ryckman, R. (2008) Theories of Personality. Belmont [Calif. ]: Thomson Wadsworth, Wegscheider-Cruse, S. , Cruse, J. R. (1990). Understanding codependency. Deeriield Beach, FL: Health Communications. Shaffer, H. J. , Robbins, M. (1991). Manufacturing multiple meanings of addiction: Time-limited realities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 17, 387-404.

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Book Review: Todd Landman. Protecting Human Rights Book Review Todd Landman. Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005. 231 pp. $29.95 (paper), ISBN 1-58901-063-9. The post World War II era dawned a new age of countries not only willing to adopt human rights practices but showed the necessity to do so due to the horrific occurrences during the war. Todd Landman discusses how international law and human rights had begun and grown since the war along with the disappearance of authoritarianism and the welcoming of global democracy. In his book, Landman seeks to discover if the nation-states participating in the international human rights regime constrain and limit their behavior in order to protect the sanctity of the rights of individuals. He conducts his study through a global comparative method and quantitative analysis to assess the growth and effectiveness of the international human rights regime. 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